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Autor: Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo ×

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    La agenda ambiental como parte del modelo económico de Colombia
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, 2022) Bonilla Londoño, Jorge Alexander; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Helo, Juliana; Laajaj , Rachid; Maldonado , Jorge Higinio; Marco, Jorge; Vélez, María Alejandra
    Colombia cuenta con un capital natural enorme, derivado de su riqueza en diversidad biológica, sobre el cual puede generar nuevas oportunidades de progreso e inclusión económica. Al mismo tiempo, el país enfrenta retos ambientales muy importantes asociados a sus profundas desigualdades, debilidad institucional para cumplir sus compromisos internacionales, y para cumplir el mandato de la Constitución de 1991, una de las  cartas más verdes de tiempos recientes. En esta nota resaltamos los cinco retos más  urgentes en materia ambiental, sin pretender ser exhaustivos, y sugerimos acciones de política concretas que, sustentadas en ciencia, servirían para enfrentar estos retos y compromisos de país. Primero, mencionamos la necesidad de desarrollar acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático que involucren a las comunidades y proteja ecosistemas estratégicos. Segundo, fomentar la gobernanza ambiental en los territorios. Tercero, impulsar la agricultura sostenible. Cuarto, dinamizar el sector de pesca y acuicultura con principios de sostenibilidad y con la participación de las comunidades. Y quinto, reducir la contaminación del aire.
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    Viaje, un portal para la movilidad
    Santamaría Tobar, Natalia; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Medaglia González, Andrés L
    La estrategia del carro compartido entra en una nueva fase encaminada a experimentar métodos para masificarla. Los estudios apuntan a identificar incentivos para influir en el comportamiento de conductores y pasajeros. La cultura del carro particular está muy arraigada en la Universidad de los Andes. Tanto que el último Día del No Carro, en febrero pasado, a las 5:55 de la mañana, los 326 cupos públicos del parqueadero del edificio Santo Domingo ya estaban copados. Muchos estudiantes prefirieron madrugar y llegar provistos de cobija y almohada antes que aventurarse a usar el transporte público o la bicicleta
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    Comportamientos pro-ambientales: el caso del reciclaje
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2012) Castro Santa, Juana; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo
    Este documento presenta un modelo teórico para la decisión individual de reciclar. El modelo sugiere dos mecanismos para transformar los costos y beneficios asociados a esta decisión, basados en variables no pecuniarias. El primer mecanismo corresponde a valores y percepciones ecocéntricas, que de ser trasformados, cambian el beneficio individual asociado a la acción de reciclaje, transformando los costos fijos asociados ésta. El segundo mecanismo sugiere las normas sociales y el comportamiento agregado de los demás agentes como variables determinantes en las decisiones individuales hacia el medio ambiente. Los resultados del modelo se comparan con evidencia empírica de comportamientos ambientales tomados de la encuesta "New cross-cultural dataset" (Wesley Schultz, 2011) para Colombia, y de la encuesta World Values Survey (2005) para 80 países.
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    Environmental Justice Beyond Race: Skin Tone and Exposure to Air Pollution
    (Universidad de los Andes, 2024-02) Salas Díaz, Ricardo José; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Aguilar Gomez, Sandra
    Recent research, focused mostly on the United States andWestern Europe, shows that marginalized communities often face greater environmental degradation. However, the ethnoracial categories used in these studies may not fully capture environmental inequality in the Global South. Moving beyond conventional ethnoracial variables, this study presents novel findings exploring the link between skin tone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in Colombia. By matching household geolocations from a large-scale longitudinal survey with satellite-based PM2.5 estimates, we find that skin tone predicts both initial pollution exposure levels and their changes over time. Although average exposure levels remained stable during our study period, the environmental justice (EJ) landscape in Colombia contemporaneously underwent a complete transformation. In 2010, lighter-skinned individuals faced higher PM2.5 exposure, but darker-skinned individuals experienced steeper increases in the following years. By 2016, the EJ gap had reversed, with people with the darkest skin tones exposed to PM2.5 levels nearly one standard deviation higher than those faced by people with the lightest skin tones. These patterns remain robust when controlling for a comprehensive set of theoretically relevant covariates, including ethnoracial self-identification and income. Disproportionate exposure to pollution from fires partially explains the observed disparities. Decomposition analysis shows that this variable, local collective action, and economic marginalization account for a sizeable share of the EJ gap. However, one-third of the gap remains unexplained by observable characteristics. With climate change intensifying fire incidence, the disproportionate disease burdens that vulnerable groups face might deepen unless policy measures are taken to reverse this trend.
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    Mismo recurso, diferentes conflictos : un análisis de la relación entre oro, conflicto y criminalidad en seis departamentos colombianos
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2017) Rettberg Beil, Beatriz Angelika; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Ortiz Riomalo, Juan Felipe
    La adopción de una nueva política minera en 2001 junto con el drástico incremento de los precios internacionales de oro desde ese mismo año ha motivado la expansión de la minería aurífera (formal e informal) en Colombia. Desde entonces, tanto en regiones mineras tradicionales como nuevas regiones auríferas, diversidad de actores estatales y no estatales (operadores mineros de distintas escalas, nacionalidades y grados de formalidad, comunidades y autoridades locales y regionales, organizaciones ambientales, representantes del sector agrícola) han estado envueltos en tensiones y conflictos en torno al manejo del recurso aurífero (cómo extraerlo, captar sus rentas y evitar y manejar sus externalidades). Además, actores armados no estatales han encontrado en la minería de oro una fuente rentable de ingresos para complementar o incluso sustituir fuentes tradicionales de ingresos (secuestro y producción y tráfico de narcóticos). Bajo este panorama nacional en el que la minería de oro se entrelaza con el conflicto (violento y no violento), una mirada al nivel sub-nacional expone dinámicas particulares en las cuales la producción de oro se puede encontrar tanto aislada como vinculada al conflicto a través de diferentes canales o mecanismos...
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    Cooperativeness and competitiveness in children
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2012) Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Dreber, Anna; Essen, Emma von; Ranehill, Eva
    Cooperation and competition are both essential elements of economic life. Here we explore how cooperativeness in a prisoner's dilemma is correlated with competitiveness in a sample of 9-12 year old children in Colombia and Sweden. Using two different measures and four different tasks for competitiveness, we find no consistent relationship between cooperativeness and competitiveness. However, we find evidence of a negative relationship between willingness to compete in a math task and cooperativeness in the overall sample. Competitiveness in math has previously been related to educational choices, and may therefore be the most economically relevant relationship.
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    It's not my money : an experiment on risk aversion and the house-money effect
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2010) Martínez Armas, Luis Roberto; Jaramillo Herrera, Christian Rafael; De Roux, Nicolás; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo
    The house-money effect -people's tendency to be more daring with easily-gotten money- is a behavioral pattern that poses questions about the external validity of experiments in economics: to what extent do people behave in experiments like they would have in a real-life situation, given that they play with easily-gotten house money? We ran an economic experiment with 66 students to measure the house-money effect on their risk preferences. They received an amount of money with which they made risky decisions involving losses and gains; a treatment group got the money 21 days in advance and a control group got it the day of the experiment. We find that, when facing possible losses, people in the treatment group showed a lower tolerance to risk than people in the control group. If the players are assumed to have a CRRA utility function and to behave according to expected-utility theory, the risk-attitude adjustment corresponds to an average increase of 1 in their risk aversion coefficient. While the exact pattern of this house-money adjustment differs by gender, it is not possible to determine the sign of this gender effect unambiguously. In any case, it is advisable to include credible controls for the house-money effect in experimental work in economics.
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    Collective property leads to household investments: lessons from land titling in Afro-Colombian communities
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2016) Peña Parga, Ximena; Vélez Lesmes, María Alejandra; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Perdomo, Natalia
    In the developing world, collective land titling has become an important tool for recognizing the historical presence of ethnic communities and safeguarding their rights to occupy and manage their territories. However, little is known about the average impact of these titling processes on the well-being of these communities. In this paper we attempt to estimate the impact of collective land titling in territories inhabited by Afro-descendent communities in Colombia. Using an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) estimation, we compare rural districts in titled areas with rural districts in untitled areas that are similar in all the relevant observable characteristics. We find that the collective titling process in the Chocó region has caused an increase in average household per capita income, larger investments in housing, higher attendance rates among children in primary education, and a decrease in housing overcrowding. Our results suggest that collective land titling creates a more secure natural resource base and a longer time horizon for households in collective territories, which leads to investment in their private physical and human capital.
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    Helping the helpers : altruism as a rational choice of donors to a students voluntary organization
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2009) Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Espinosa Farfán, Miguel Andrés; Polanía Reyes, Sandra Viviana
    Altruism, understood as the individual disposition to sacrifice personal income to improve someone else's income can be a rational choice strategy which responds to different motivations, incentives and institutions, in a consistent way with the donor's optimization logic. In this article we extend the Andreoni and Miller's experimental design (2002) using a modified Dictator game and we applied it to 470 students from several universities and different majors, years of study and level of income who can donate part of their income to the Bella Flor Foundation (http://www.bellaflor.org/), a real nonprofit organization founded by a group of college students whose mission is "to promote the integral development of the children from Bella Flor, Paraíso and Mirador neighborhoods through social activities in education, health care, recreation, and exalting human values". We test the consistency of the player's decisions with the axioms of revealed preferences, and with the effects of relative prices and income. We also evaluate the violation of consistency of the axioms and estimate the demand functions for altruism towards this charity, with policy implications related to the optimal design for fundraising strategies. Our results confirm that a significant fraction of individuals show consistent decisions, i.e. that donations to these charities behave as "normal goods" in price and income effects and with rather small number of violations of the axioms of revealed preferences. However, the experimental data suggests that revealing the identity of the donor can decrease altruism and induce more violations of the axioms of consistent behavior mentioned.
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    Discrimination in the provision of social services to the poor: a field experimental study
    (Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, 2007) Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Candelo Londoño, Natalia; Gaviria Uribe, Alejandro; Polanía Reyes, Sandra Viviana; Sethi, Rajiv
    We use an experimental field approach to understand better the pro-social preferences and behavior of both individuals involved in the provision of social services (public servants) and the behavior of those potential beneficiaries, the poor. We conducted field experiments using the Dictator, Ultimatum, Trust and Third Party Punishment games, and a newly designed Distributive Dictator Game. With these, we want to understand the traits and mechanisms that guide pro-sociality including altruism, reciprocal altruism, reciprocity, trust, fairness, inequity aversion, and altruistic (social) punishment. We recruited in Bogotá, Colombia more than 500 public servants and beneficiaries from welfare programs associated with health, education, childcare and nutrition. The overall results replicate the patterns of previous studies with these experimental designs, that is, individuals showed a preference for fair outcomes, positive levels of trust and reciprocity, and willingness to punish -at a personal cost, unfair outcomes if against themselves or if against third parties. By using more information about our participants we were able however to explain the observed variations in these behaviors. The results provide evidence that the poor trigger more pro-social behavior from all citizens including public servants, but the latter show more strategic generosity by graduating their pro-social behavior towards the poor depending on attributes of the beneficiaries or recipients of offers in these games. We observed a bias in favor of women and households with more number of dependents, but discriminatory behavior against particularly stigmatized groups in society such as ex-combatants from the political conflict, or street recyclers.